Versions of them can be found throughout China as the. [114][115][116] The earliest representations of the instrument are in sculpture in Spain and Italy, with Spain having the most. Curt Sachs pointed out that the original meaning of words associated with the fiddle were not words to draw a bow, but to "strike" the strings, pluck them. 5-chörigen mittelalterlichen Laute eine höchste Sangsaite (sog. [98] However, lacking names for some stringed instruments from the medieval period, these have been referred to as fiddles and citharas/cytharas, both by medieval people and by modern researchers. A tiple (literally treble or soprano) is a plucked-string chordophone of the guitar family. A music scholar by the name of Eckhard Neubauer suggested that oud may be an Arabic borrowing from the Persian word rōd or rūd, which meant string. [96] The instrument still has a presence in the Eastern Mediterranean, in Southern Italy as the Calabrian lira, in Bulgaria as the gadulka, in Greece, Iran, Turkey, Armenia, and regions adjacent to the Black Sea the kemenche, in Dalmatia as the lijerica. The pegbox for lutes before the Baroque era was angled back from the neck at almost 90° (see image), presumably to help hold the low-tension strings firmly against the nut which, traditionally, is not glued in place but is held in place by string pressure only. Particularly important was the Italian composer Albert de Rippe (1500–1551), who worked in France and composed polyphonic fantasias of considerable complexity. Parthian Empire, long-necked lute or tanbur, c. 3 B.C. [98] In fact, unless a medieval document gives an indication that it meant a necked instrument, then it likely was referring to a lyre. According to Dumbrill, the lute family included instruments in Mesopotamia prior to 3000 BC. [130] Intimately tied to the development of the Baroque guitar is the alfabeto system of notation. Lutenistic practice has reached considerable heights in recent years, thanks to a growing number of world-class lutenists: Rolf Lislevand, Hopkinson Smith, Paul O'Dette, Christopher Wilke, Andreas Martin, Robert Barto, Eduardo Egüez, Edin Karamazov, Nigel North, Christopher Wilson, Luca Pianca, Yasunori Imamura, Anthony Bailes, Peter Croton, Xavier Diaz-Latorre. Such instruments are often called “swan-neck” lutes. He focuses on the longer lutes of Mesopotamia, various types of necked chordophones that developed throughout ancient world: Greek, Egyptian (in the Middle Kingdom), Iranian (Elamite and others), Hittite, Roman, Bulgar, Turkic, Indian, Chinese, Armenian/Cilician cultures. Jahrtausends v. The perked once had a distinct traditional shape that is designed to look like a stylised owl with wooden pegs, but nowadays this is sometimes replaced with a guitar or vihuela style headstock with machine heads. Kurze Geschichte der Laute Die Laute ist eines der ältesten Musikinstrumente überhaupt. English written lute music began only around 1540; however, the country produced numerous lutenists, of which John Dowland (1563–1626) is perhaps the most famous. Their habit of evaluating applied to products to sell and to ideas. Depictions of the pear-shaped pipas appeared in abundance from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 to 589) onwards, and pipas from this time to the Tang Dynasty were given various names, such as Hu pipa (胡琵琶), bent-neck pipa (曲項琵琶, quxiang pipa), some of these terms, however, may refer to the same pipa. [92] There was also a kind with "an inferior stringholder". Pipa, Middle Tang Dynasty era (618–907 A.D.), from the. Singer-songwriter Sting has also played lute and archlute, in and out of his collaborations with Edin Karamazov, and Jan Akkerman released two albums of lute music in the 1970s while he was a guitarist in the Dutch rock band Focus. He also arranged some of his violin and cello music for the lute. The lute player either improvises ("realizes") a chordal accompaniment based on the figured bass part, or plays a written-out accompaniment (both music notation and tablature ("tab") are used for lute). Branding, Marketing, and Strategy for the Arts. Chordophonen: Mittels Saiten werden Tonschwingungen erzeugt, die auf einen Resonanzkörper - die Lautendecke - übertragen werden. Familien Tiefenbrucker, Sellas, Railich) und Nürnberg (Familien Neusiedler, Gerle). Die Zahl stieg bis ca. cistre, It. In all lutes the soundboard has a single (sometimes triple) decorated sound hole under the strings called the rose. These have also been called. Das Spiel auf den neuen Lautentypen erfolgte nun nicht mehr mit dem Federkiel, wie bei den mittelalterlichen Lauten, sondern durch sogenanntes "Zwicken" mittels Daumen und Zeigefinger, wobei der Daumen unter dem Zeigefinger in die Handinnenfläche geschlagen wird. Weiss added two more courses to the bass register of the lute, creating a 13-course lute with the tuning: He also straightened the bent back pegbox to create a "swan-neck" design for the bass strings. Diese Instrumente bezeichnete man früher als sog. Nylon offers greater tuning stability, but is seen as anachronistic by purists, as its timbre differs from the sound of earlier gut strings. [81] He taught the instrument and the song (ghina) that accompanied it to his people, where the instrument and song "were adopted by singing girls". [5], The present name of the Qin pipa, which is "ruan", was not given until the Tang Dynasty (8th century). 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