Ukraine’s government declared a state of emergency in Kyiv and two more out of the country’s 25 regions due to the coronavirus outbreak. ‘Everything that lowers the vitality should be avoided’, advised the Daily Mail’s medical correspondent. Just as at the Royal Society of Medicine summit in November Newsholme had invoked the importance of ‘carrying on’, so a succession of doctors and medical experts now came forward to call for a greater show of civilian nerve. Byerly, op. At the same time, British propaganda efforts aimed to build unity on the home front by fostering civilian resilience and ‘staying power’, making the cultivation of stoicism a social and political imperative. of 1896 edition (London: Ernest Benn, 1930); W. Trotter, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, first publ. At the same time the journal lamented a ‘growing tendency among the better educated classes to regard the epidemic as something almost too trivial for serious consideration’.Footnote 45, By the turn of the century it was recognised that flu epidemics presented the greatest risk to infants, the elderly and patients with pre-existing lung conditions.Footnote 46 The problem was that the line between what one might term ‘appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ dread of the disease was continually shifting. The result was that, rather than victims of shell-shock being labelled malingerers and hysterics – a diagnosis that carried connotations of womanly emotionality – Rivers reconfigured the officer class’s anguish as a form of neurasthenia that was both noble and heroic. Malaria is an acute febrile illness. In Russia, scientists have begun testing prototypes of potential vaccines against the new coronavirus on animals. A great sense of dread about everything’.Google Scholar, 110. ‘One of the best ways of preventing influenza is to keep your mind easy instead of imagining, like so many do, that you are going to fall a victim to the disease’. As Reddy has argued, departing from strong constructionist models, performing anger, fear or shame is not the same as being angry, fearful or ashamed.Footnote 20 This is because emotional utterances, or what he terms ‘emotives’, are never merely descriptive or performative but build, hide and intensify emotions by altering what they refer to. In the very next sentence, however, the writer warns that the complications of flu can be very serious indeed and it would be wise to ‘prepare our defences now’. cit. For instance, at the same time as British propaganda sought to promote hatred of Germany, it also risked undermining civilian morale by provoking excessive fear of the enemy and its capacity to launch attacks on the civilian population.Footnote 14 In this respect, propaganda discourses were both a means of producing disciplinary power and also operated as what Foucault calls ‘stumbling blocks’ and ‘points of resistance’ to the operation of biopower.Footnote 15. It had passed its prewar strength, and rapidly was being expanded as new combat vessels were placed in commission almost daily. J.L. In time of crisis, we remain steadfast with Afghanistan. North Korea has not publicly confirmed a single case of the coronavirus, but state media has described anti-virus efforts as a matter of “national existence”. View all Google Scholar citations 2015. The curfew will be in effect from Friday 6pm until 6am on Monday. Los Angeles is the natural site for a film about earthquakes: they happen there frequently, and the landscape is familiar to moviegoers from thousands of films. But this year, owner Jamie Kavanaugh and one of his bartenders sat alone on the holiday that commemorates Ireland’s patron saint. Addressing the issue of ‘confusion’ as to the case fatality rate, The Lancet reported there had been fifty cases of influenza and four deaths, with other deaths from pneumonia being due to the crewmens’ ‘exposure during rescue’. Thus in an advertisement for the disinfectant Santol that appeared in the Salford Reporter in the early autumn of 1918, readers are warned that ‘the Germs of Influenza and other Diseases Attack at your Unguarded Moments, and only when the Grim Spectre of Illness or the Shadow of the Awful Reaper falls on your home do you realise the Danger’.Footnote 72, A good example of the contradictions in these biopolitical discourses came in an article that appeared on the main comment page of the Daily Mail in the first week of June. Hyland, Philip Messinger, British Propaganda and the State in the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992); Brock Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London: Frank Cass, 2000).Google Scholar, 26. Several guards, it was reported, had also been laid low.Footnote 76 Suddenly the ‘Hun’ was no longer the only enemy. See for instance, Charles L. Briggs and Daniel C. Hallin, ‘Biocommunicability: The Neoliberal Subject and its Contradictions in News Coverage of Health Issues’, Social Text, 25, 4 (2007), 43–66; Brigitte Nerlich and Christopher Halliday, ‘Avian Flu: The Creation of Expectations in the Interplay Between Science and the Media’, Sociology of Health and Illness, 29, 1 (2007), 46–65; Patrick Wallis and Brigitte Nerlich, ‘Disease Metaphors in New Epidemics: The UK Media Framing of the 2003 SARS Epidemic’, Social Science and Medicine, 60 (2005), 2629–39; Patrick Wallis, Brigitte Nerlich, and Brendon M.H. A 77-year-old patient in the southern city of Karachi died from the secondary transmission of the virus, provincial health minister Azra Pechucho has announced. For a detailed discussion of the responses in other countries see Phillips and Killingray, op. and The Times, 10 October 1918, 5.Google Scholar, 96. However, the maintenance of stoicism and civilian ‘staying power’ came at a cost, requiring the amplification by the Northcliffe press of negative emotions in which acceptance of the brutality and trauma of war was achieved at the expense of fostering hatred and dread of Germany and other ‘foreign’ threats to the political and social body. In Playne’s view, the promulgation of hatred of Germany through emotive language and symbols and the cultivation of stoical attitudes were key factors in this process, both reinforcing civilian resilience in the face of the German threat and helping to stifle domestic dissent. Indonesia will suspend its visa-on-arrival policy for a month from Friday to curb the spread of the deadly COVID-19 virus in the archipelago, effectively shutting the country’s tourism. Niall Johnson, Epidemics and Crowd Diseases: An Introduction to the Study of Epidemiology, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, The overshadowed killer: influenza in Britain in 1918–19, The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19: New Perspectives. War Room: Pandemic Ep 627 Watch Steve Bannon @citizensar, @RaheemKassam and @JackMaxey1 now. The Times, 31 October 1918, 7.Google Scholar, 106. Aassve, Arnstein The White House is proposing a $50bn bailout in the form of secured loans. The Times, 3 October 1918, 5; Daily Mail, 10 October 1918, 4.Google Scholar, 93. Mainland China had 39 new confirmed cases on Thursday, the country’s National Health Commission said on Friday, all of which were imported cases. Whereas in peacetime dread had posed little threat to the social order, I will argue that in 1914–18 it became an important instrument of social and political control.Footnote 13 In an effort to unite Britons against a common enemy and stifle domestic dissent, the government, with the voluntary cooperation of newspaper proprietors and editors, deliberately fostered dread and hatred of Germany. Hadley, op. (note 3), 180.Google Scholar, 11. Greenwood, Major, Epidemics and Crowd Diseases: An Introduction to the Study of Epidemiology (London: Williams and Norgate, 1935), 326.Google Scholar, 9. Australia has also tightened regulations on travel to and from remote indigenous communities in a bid to spare them from the outbreak. US: New York and California order millions to stay home, Spain’s death toll passes 1,000 as hotels become hospitals. 662 people follow this. (note 63), 90–3.Google Scholar, 66. However, as I will show, this hatred and fear could also become attached to other narrative objects, contaminating and destabilising the propaganda efforts. United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson told cafes, pubs and restaurants across the country to close on Friday night and to stay shut indefinitely to help slow the spread of the coronavirus outbreak. Crosby, Arthur W., America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Thus during pandemic periods, when influenza presented as a ‘new’ disease with unfamiliar symptoms, it made sense to err on the side of caution, but once the pandemic form had been described and the health risks were understood, dread became pathologically suspect.Footnote 47, Retrospective accounts of the 1918–19 pandemic tend to treat the successive waves of Spanish flu as a single epistemic event. YouTube said it will reduce its streaming quality in the European Union to avoid straining the internet as thousands of Europeans, constrained by the coronavirus outbreak, switch to teleworking and watch videos at home. I spent it. Instead, the pub is empty,” Kavanaugh told Al Jazeera. Social historians have argued that the reason the 1918–19 ‘Spanish’ influenza left so few traces in public memory is that it was ‘overshadowed’ by the First World War, hence its historiographical characterisation as the ‘forgotten’ pandemic. In this paper I want to move beyond this notion of overshadowing by examining the ways in which popular responses to the Spanish flu did, and did not, draw on the narratives of war and then emotional and biopolitical discourses – discourses that, I will argue, were governed both by the wartime propaganda effort and by medical attempts to police the civilian response to influenza. and Coronavirus: Which countries have confirmed cases? The Canadian Energy Centre says more than 1,000 people have sent an automated letter off its website to Netflix Canada to let it know the animated film sounds like propaganda. Toward a metaphorics of scientific practice, Science Studies: Probing the Dynamics of Scientific Knowledge, Against Constructionism: The Historical Ethnography of Emotions. Shephard, op. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Singapore reported 40 new coronavirus cases, mainly imported infections from the United Kingdom, and advised further social distancing measures in its fight against the pandemic. Saudi Arabia banned prayers at its two holy mosques in Mecca and Medina, while thousands of Indonesians refused to offer prayers at home despite government orders. This can clearly be seen in the statements issued by the LGB and articles by medical correspondents in the build up to the worst weeks of the pandemic. cit. Newsholme, Arthur, ‘Discussion on Influenza’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 12 (1919), 1-18: 13.Google Scholar, 54. This time, however, the influenza was frequently accompanied by severe pneumonia and sometimes proved fatal.Footnote 85 By now, the Americans were also struggling to contain the level of infections. The Times, 22 October 1918, 3.Google Scholar, 100. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 5th April 2021. It is estimated that through his ownership of the Daily Mail, The Times, Evening News, and Sunday Evening Dispatch, Northcliffe controlled approximately forty per cent of the then English newspaper market. The ASHP, which maintains a list of drugs in shortage independent of the US Food and Drug Administration’s list, plans to add the generic malaria drug hydroxychloroquine to its list of shortages later on Thursday, according to Erin Fox, senior director of drug information at the University of Utah Health, who maintains the shortages list for the ASHP. The Manchester Guardian’s London correspondent noted a similar pathology at work, observing that people were ‘fighting shy of theatres and kinemas [sic] and all kinds of meetings’: People generally are scared and the crowds besieging the doctors’ surgeries and chemists’ shops included a good many who think they may be going to have influenza.Footnote 111, Yet at the same time as Londoners seemed to be panicked by influenza, the correspondent reported that news of the Austro-Hungarian peace offer had been met by Londoners with characteristic ‘phlegm’. Anonymous, Influenza, its Cause, Cure and Prevention, The Penny Medical Library (Manchester: Abel and Heywood, 1902), 226–30.Google Scholar, 44. As in the summer, the Daily Mail’s first instinct was to strike an optimistic tone, quoting Newsholme to the effect that, though there was ‘a good deal of influenza in London’, the capital did not have it nearly as severely as other parts of the country and that ‘the hopeful view [was that] the worst might be over’.Footnote 97 This message chimed with the latest reports from northern France where the British Fourth Army had broken through the Hindenburg Line at Cambrai and was now engaged in a three-pronged assault on the German army with the support of the French and the Americans. Daily Mail, 11 October 1918, 4.Google Scholar, 94. The result was that a foreign visitor to London had heard more about ‘the certainty of influenza than about the prospects of peace’. Pyongyang’s official Korean Central News Agency on Friday said more than 4,000 people were released in the provinces of North and South Pyongan and Kangwon after health officials confirmed they no longer had symptoms. Sanders and P.M. Taylor, British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914–18 (London: Macmillan, 1982); G.S. The Times, 18 September 1918, 8.Google Scholar, 85. (London: Collins, 1970), 324–5.Google Scholar, 25. The person was in their 80s with underlying health conditions including diabetes and renal problems, the government said. Total loading time: 0.413 In the United States, carriers are looking to the federal government for immediate assistance to help cushion the blow that the pandemic has delivered to the industry. Change +6.00. Griffiths, Dennis, Fleet Street: Five Hundred Years of the Press (London: British Library, 2006), 203. The number of registered cases in the country rose to 19,980 on Friday from 17,147 on Thursday, Simon said. The Times, 26 October 1918, 7.Google Scholar, 104. ‘The fear of influenza has vanished from the public mind’, the paper declared. Only essential businesses will be functioning, including pharmacies and grocery stores. Guran, Roman Bulgaria’s parliament has voted after a heated debate to allow the military to help curb the movement of people amid the coronavirus outbreak, with a mandate to use force if necessary. cit. (note 67), 224.Google Scholar, 70. It is this ‘inner’ dimension of emotion that, Reddy argues, ‘sets a limit on discursive construction’.Footnote 21 Furthermore, while at the level of discourse metaphors may serve as messengers of meaning between different disciplines and cultural domains, once they become embodied they become hybridised and subject to what Bono calls ‘complex feedback loops’.Footnote 22. Share them with family, friends and colleagues for a fast turnaround and incase of needed assistance.#COVID19 #FactsNotFear #AfricaPrepares pic.twitter.com/3rscoJvD4y. Dube, Kaitano Although the government says it has yet to document any infections, Syria is seen at high risk from the virus. The curfew will be in effect from Friday 6pm until 6am on Monday. If a conversation between three army doctors overheard by a correspondent at the Daily Mail is any guide, such attitudes were also widespread in military medical circles. 2020. See, for instance, BMJ, 9 March 1895, 550.Google Scholar, 48. ‘Stricken Homes, Girls Dead on Bridal Day’, announced an item recording the simultaneous deaths of two girls who worked in a warehouse at St Paul’s Churchyard and who had been due to be married the following day. In trains and trams the depression shown on travellers’ faces was very noticeable and talk was all about specially sad cases of death from influenza. Moreover, by recognising that emotives are not merely passive objects of discourse but can also act on and shape the emotional objects to which they refer, my approach brings out the way in which emotives interact with discourse, sometimes reinforcing and at other times highlighting ambivalences and contradictions in and between different discursive regimes. The cultivation of positive character traits was also thought to strengthen an individual’s powers of resistance, hence the pamphlet’s claim that ‘there is no better established fact in the whole history of epidemics than…that the man or the woman of pluck and energy is the last to take the prevalent disease’.Footnote 61, Such views were shared by many members of the medical profession, including the pioneering British psychiatrist W.H.R. Scientists around the world have warned that the development of a vaccine is a lengthy and complex process that might only yield something for broader use in the next 12-18 months. 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