naval battle of guadalcanal

 • Crete Your email address will not be published. The ensuing battle, the first phase of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, left Admiral Callaghan dead and six of his ships sunk. [63]Samidare picked up survivors from Yudachi at 03:00 before joining the other Japanese ships in the retirement northwards.  • Ichi-Go Le vice-amiral Gunichi Mikawa avait prévu une contre-attaque et rassemblé pour ce faire la 6 e division de croiseurs du contre-amiral Aritomo Gotō stationné à Kavieng avec les moyens de la 8 e flotte de la Marine impériale japonaise disponibles à Rabaul. Our own aircraft has been grand in its relentless hammering of the foe. The resulting action devolved into a close-range melee that sank several U.S. ships and cost both Callaghan and Scott their lives. Later, destroyer Meade approached and opened fire on the beached transports and surrounding area. … Caught by surprise, Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley's screening force lost four heavy cruisers. The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. 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First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal (November 13, 1942) By early November, the Japanese had finally come to two important (if belated) realizations: one, that the Americans had far more troops on Guadalcanal than earlier estimates had indicated, and two, Henderson Field had to be neutralized in order for the Japanese to control the seas around the island.  • Changsha [14] In early November 1942, Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field. Copyright © 2011-2021 Naval Historical Foundation. But the result was not decisive. Kirishima was hit below the waterline and suffered a jammed rudder, causing her to circle uncontrollably to port. Cruisers. [87][88], Kondo's force approached Guadalcanal via Indispensable Strait around midnight on 14 November, and a quarter moon provided moderate visibility of about 7 km (3.8 nmi; 4.3 mi). Finally, perhaps the greatest leap forward after Guadalcanal was the creation of the combat information center (CIC) in the winter of 1942–1943 and the development of a school in 1943 that familiarized captains and their crews with effective methods for maximizing the effectiveness of CICs. Navy doctrine called for superior naval gunfire to win such a battle, but most of the Navy’s earlier assumptions on how to win were confounded at Guadalcanal. At Savo Island, the use of radar pickets did not prevent IJN ships from slipping into the Allied formation and attacking at close range. In contrast, the U.S. Navy was thereafter able to resupply the U.S. forces at Guadalcanal at will, including … [76] Shortly before noon, Yamamoto ordered Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō, commanding the Second Fleet at Truk, to form a new bombardment unit around Kirishima and attack Henderson Field on the night of 14–15 November.[77].  • Tempest When the Japanese illuminated and fired on South Dakota, all doubts were removed as to which ships were friend or foe. [60], After nearly 40 minutes of the brutal, close-quarters fighting, the two sides broke contact and ceased fire at 02:26 after Abe and Captain Gilbert Hoover (the captain of Helena and senior surviving U.S. officer at this point) ordered their respective forces to disengage. USS Washington BB-56 shortly before the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In addition to delivering the troops and their equipment by Tokyo Express runs, the Japanese also successfully pushed through one large convoy of slower transport ships. [78] Analyzing the impact of this engagement, historian Richard B. Frank states: This action stands without peer for furious, close-range, and confused fighting during the war. It was the last major battle of the Guadalcanal campaign, and led to serious losses on both sides, but ended in an American victory. Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan † (killed) Position: Task group commander. Historian Eric Hammel sums up the significance of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal this way: On November 12, 1942, the (Japanese) Imperial Navy had the better ships and the better tactics. Both the Americans and the Japanese were short of ships. However, another pillar of USN doctrine – decentralized command and control– gave flexibility to commanders and encouraged rapid adaptation to tactical problems at the lowest levels. Realizing that his force was almost surrounded by Japanese ships, Callaghan issued the confusing order: "Odd ships fire to starboard, even ships fire to port"[28][31] (save that no pre-battle planning had assigned any such identity numbers to reference, and the formation was already chaotic).  •  • Romania  • Lapland [48][49] The Japanese destroyers pounded Laffey with gunfire and then hit her with a torpedo which broke her keel. Retrouvez Guadalcanal Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr.  • Iran This battle demonstrated that compressed formations did not facilitate command and control at night and limited the ability to use destroyers effectively.  • Surrender of Germany RADM, USN. [11], The Japanese army planned another attack on Guadalcanal in November 1942, but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed. Several subsequent attempts by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, using reinforcements delivered to Guadalcanal by ship, to recapture the airfield failed. Thus, the battle turned back Japan's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal and nearby Tulagi, resulting in a strategic victory for the U.S. and its allies and deciding the ultimate outcome of the Guadalcanal campaign in their favor. Laffey passed so close to Hiei that they missed colliding by 20 ft (6.1 m). [93], Kondo split his force into several groups, with one group—commanded by Shintaro Hashimoto and consisting of Sendai and destroyers Shikinami and Uranami ("C" on the maps)—sweeping along the east side of Savo Island, and destroyer Ayanami ("B" on the maps) sweeping counterclockwise around the southwest side of Savo Island to check for the presence of Allied ships. [36]Atlanta, without power nor able to fire her guns, drifted out of control and out of the battle as the Japanese ships passed her by. Because of the continuing threat from Allied aircraft based at Henderson Field, plus nearby U.S. aircraft carriers, the Japanese had to continue to rely on Tokyo Express warship deliveries to their forces on Guadalcanal. The lead U.S. destroyer, Cushing, was also caught in a crossfire between several Imperial destroyers and perhaps Nagara. Two torpedoes from Amatsukaze hit Barton, immediately sinking her with heavy loss of life. Akatsuki was hit repeatedly and blew up and sank within a few minutes. The action consisted of combined air and sea engagements over four days, most near Guadalcanal and all related to a Japanese effort to reinforce land forces on the island. At the Battle of Cape Esperance, on the night of October 11–12, Rear Admiral Norman Scott attempted to achieve better command and control by arraying his Task Force 64 in a close order, linear formation and turning off the radar on his flagship San Francisco (CA-38).  • Operation Paperclip Both Kirishima and Ayanami were scuttled and sank by 03:25 on 15 November. Admiral Kondo was not reprimanded or reassigned but instead was left in command of one of the large ship fleets based at Truk.  • Soviet Union (Barbarossa) Hirokawa Maru and Kinugawa Maru burning Guadalcanal 15 Nov 1942.jpg 391 × 450; 60 KB. The Japanese carriers, however, were also forced to retreat because of losses to carrier aircraft and aircrews. Admiral Lee was … [7], In October, the Japanese again tried to recapture Henderson Field by delivering 15,000 more army men—mainly from the 2nd Infantry Division—to Guadalcanal. [69], Portland, San Francisco, Aaron Ward, Sterett, and O'Bannon were eventually able to make it back to rear-area ports for repairs. His force and the two U.S. battleships were now heading towards each other. [26] The ships arrived from an unexpected direction coming not down the slot, but from the west side of Savo Island entering its sound from the northwest, not the north.  • Manila  • Total war [55][56], Aaron Ward and Sterett, independently searching for targets, both sighted Yudachi, who appeared unaware of the approach of the two U.S. [108] In the engagement, 242 U.S. and 249 Japanese sailors died. [37], Hiei, with her nine lit searchlights, huge size, and course taking her directly through the U.S. formation, became the focus of gunfire from many of the U.S. ships. The gunfire caused Atlanta heavy damage, and a type 93 torpedo hit cut all of her engineering power. Not expecting a ship-to-ship confrontation, it took the crews of the two Imperial battleships several minutes to switch to armor-piercing ammunition. [23], During their approach to Guadalcanal, the Japanese force passed through a large and intense rain squall which, along with a complex formation plus some confusing orders from Abe, split the formation into several groups.  • West Hunan Recognizing the importance of destroyer torpedo tactics, Captain Arleigh Burke developed a destroyer doctrine that – combined with greater lethality in U.S. torpedoes – maximized the tactical capabilities of the destroyer force. Much of the special bombardment ammunition had been expended in the battle.  • Military production  • Operation Keelhaul Guadalcanal: Naval Battles: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. [50], Portland—after helping sink Akatsuki—was hit by a torpedo from Inazuma or Ikazuchi, causing heavy damage to her stern and forcing her to steer in a circle. Kirishima was ordered by Abe to take Hiei under tow, escorted by Nagara and its destroyers, but the attempt was cancelled because of the threat of submarine attack and Hiei's increasing unseaworthiness.  • Greece [35]Atlanta drifted into the line of fire of San Francisco, which accidentally fired on Atlanta, causing even greater damage, and killing Admiral Scott and much of the bridge crew. Retrouvez Naval Battle of Guadalcanal: Night Action, 13 November 1942 et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. A task group of cruisers and destroyers under Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan had prevented Japanese cruisers and battleships from bombarding the airfield on November 13. [28][29] Callaghan apparently intended to attempt to cross the T of the Japanese, as Scott had done at Cape Esperance, but—confused by the incomplete information he was receiving, plus the fact that the Japanese formation consisted of several scattered groups—he gave several confusing orders on ship movements, and overall, just delayed too long in acting at all. [67], Hiei was attacked repeatedly by Marine TBF Avenger torpedo planes from Henderson Field, TBFs and SBD Dauntless dive-bombers from Enterprise, which had departed Nouméa on 11 November, and B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the United States Army Air Forces 11th Bombardment Group from Espiritu Santo. The USN was confronted with unanticipated tactical and technological issues in the South Pacific in 1942. Adequate operational plans have to be in place and understood, but they still have to give subordinates substantial operational initiative; at two of the battles of Gudalcanal, US battle plans were poorly developed or virtually nonexistent and led to chaos in combat. Kondo's ad hoc force rendezvoused at Ontong Java on the evening of 13 November, then reversed course and refueled out of range of Henderson Field's bombers on the morning of 14 November. Rear Admiral Thomas Kinkaid decided to allow his destroyers to operate in a decentralized manner, launching close-range torpedo attacks while his cruisers stood off and engaged with radar-directed gunfire. After completing her first loop, she was able to fire four salvos at Hiei but otherwise took little further part in the battle.  • Finland  • Okinawa Additional reinforcements over the next two months increased the number of U.S. troops at Lunga Point to more than 20,000 men. [47]Laffey, having escaped from her engagement with Hiei, encountered Asagumo, Murasame, Samidare, and, perhaps, Teruzuki. [80], The 8th Fleet cruiser force—under its commander, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa—included the heavy cruisers Chōkai, Kinugasa, Maya, and Suzuya, light cruisers Isuzu and TenryÅ«, and six destroyers. Commander William F. Halsey Daniel Callaghan † Norman Scott † Willis A. Lee.  • Manchuria  • Occupation of Germany The U.S. had only one light cruiser (Helena) and one destroyer (Fletcher) that were still capable of effective resistance.  • Pointblank November 1942: place Guadalcanal, Pacific: output allied victory Parties to the conflict United States Australia New Zealand Japan. 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